One of the best arguments for preserving affordable housing emerges out of the wreckage left by the housing and financial crisis. “In many markets right now it doesn't make a lot of sense to build new housing, but in all markets it makes sense to preserve all or most of the existing housing,” says Bill Kelly, president of the Stewards of Affordable Housing for the Future (SAHF).
With new construction projects tough to do these days, industry advocates say preservation is more important than even a few years ago in helping to meet the nation's housing need.
“If you take a look at what's going on in the homeownership and rental market, I think it's more and more clear that we need to, for both environmental and housing reasons, maintain existing housing,” agrees Michael Bodaken, president of the National Housing Trust (NHT), a nonprofit organization focused on preservation. “As we see markets beginning to absorb product at a slower rate, it makes economic and social sense to try to preserve housing that's already built. I think you are seeing that by the way governments, developers, and others are looking at making decisions for their businesses and the allocation of resources for housing.”
The issue has largely been about housing that is at risk of losing their affordability as different restrictions come to an end. The threat is that the housing will then convert to market-rate apartments.
However, today's tough economic climate is raising additional worries for affordable housing owners.
“I think there's more concern about losing housing due to financial and physical distress,” says Bodaken.
One of the biggest challenges right now is the low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) market, which has struggled as several companies, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, have stopped or reduced their investments. The lack of capital means that pricing to developers has fallen, and many deals may not get funded at all this year.
“Over 50 percent of the units that were able to receive financing from the credit in 2007 were preservation units,” says Bodaken. “The ability of preservation to do deeper rehabs and more meaningful affordability is conditioned at least in part on the LIHTC market being reinvigorated.”
Major preservation bill
The case for preservation will be made in the halls of Congress. Affordable housing developers and advocates are waiting on a bill that could be the most significant preservation legislation in years.
Rep. Barney Frank (D-Mass.), chairman of the Financial Services Committee, has prepared a draft bill aimed at saving existing urban and rural low-income housing. The likes of such a bill, which addresses properties financed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the Department of Agriculture's Rural Housing Service (RHS), haven't been seen in a decade, according to advocates.
“I think it's fair to say it's a sweeping measure that would without significant costs to the taxpayer dramatically improve the prospects for preserving both HUD and RHS housing,” says Bodaken.
The draft bill calls for providing federal assistance to extend the affordability of assisted housing projects. Assistance could be either loans or grants to help owners rehabilitate their properties for continued use as affordable housing and to help nonprofits buy properties. The bill also provides new project-based Sec. 8 assistance for currently assisted units.
A controversial component in the draft has involved a mandatory first right of purchase before subsidized projects can be converted to market rate. Several industry organizations have voiced opposition to such a provision.
A bill had yet to be introduced as of press time. In light of the Financial Services Committee's congested calendar, some watchers don't expect to see the bill enacted this year.
Other preservation-related bills have been introduced, including H.R. 2876, by Rep. Lincoln Davis (D-Tenn.), which addresses rural housing projects, and S. 1676 by Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), which would allow the residual receipts of projectbased Sec. 8 properties to be transferred at the time of a qualified sale or exchange to a preservation entity.
HUD action
Even without a new bill, preservation efforts were boosted this year when HUD provided new guidance on using Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loans with tax credit financing, says Kelly of SAHF, a network of nine leading nonprofi t organizations that acquire and preserve affordable housing.
The move came on the heels of the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, which called on HUD to enhance the use of LIHTCs with FHA. In Mortgagee Letter 2009-24, HUD outlined several changes, including the elimination of FHA multifamily mortgage insurance as a basis to require a subsidy layering certifi cation. In addition, projects with FHA mortgage insurance and tax credits can be exempt from certain cost certification obligations if HUD determines that the ratio of loan proceeds to the actual cost is less than 80 percent. In another move, offi cials report that an equity escrow may be eliminated for these projects if other conditions are met.
Since most preservation deals are done with LIHTC financing and the commercial lending market has been difficult, it's important to have access to FHA insurance, says Kelly.
He cites the recent action as changes that were done without legislation.
SAHF has focused on recommending other administrative moves that can be taken to help accelerate preservation. They include asking HUD, “by general policy, to make 20-year HAP contracts, subject to appropriations, available in preservation sales and refinancings, regardless of when the current contract will expire.”
Bodaken is excited about “green preservation,” specifically the growing understanding about the connections between the preservation of existing housing and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. “We at the Trust think that preserving an existing building is the greenest thing you can do in affordable housing,” he says.
He points to recent collaborative efforts between HUD and the Department of Energy. “The resources that they are putting into making existing housing more energy efficient is, at least in my memory, the first time that this has been approached on a holistic basis.”
HUD Secretary Shaun Donovan has stressed that a “flexible menu of solutions will be required.” For example, the needs of a troubled property in a challenged neighborhood may be different from those of a well-maintained property in a good market at the end of its mortgage term.
“One concept that we are very interested in pursuing is linking the preservation of the existing affordable housing developments with broader initiatives that benefit communities,” he said before the Financial Services Committee. “We want to look at prioritizing the preservation of developments that are integral to sustainability such as those adjacent to transit or with great access to job opportunities.”
Carol Galante, HUD deputy assistant secretary for multifamily housing, has been working on different preservation initiatives for the department. (See guest commentary.)
MacArthur key to preservation
An important driver in the preservation effort has been the MacArthur Foundation, which is investing $150 million toward saving affordable rental housing, including awarding $32.5 million this year to 12 state and local jurisdictions.
The jurisdictions will use the funds to support innovative preservation efforts. For example, the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency will use a $1 million grant to determine how energy conservation improvements help preserve affordable housing and ultimately help reduce the utility costs of needy families.
One industry leader calls the Foundation a linchpin in the recent progress that has been made.
The Foundation has also funded 25 nonprofit developers, including Volunteers of America, NHT/Enterprise Preservation Corp., and Preservation of Affordable Housing, Inc.
Developers have deployed the funds in various ways, including acquiring properties that were at risk of becoming market- rate developments and retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency.
The Chicago-based foundation expects to help preserve and improve at least 300,000 affordable homes nationwide. So far, more than 60,000 units have been preserved in more than 40 states.
The initiative is touching a variety of markets, demonstrating that preservation is an issue in every kind of community, says Debra Schwartz, director of programrelated investments.
“For many, homeownership is not an appropriate option,” she says. “We have believed that rental housing is a critical part of a balanced housing policy.”
NCR Takes on Big Preservation Deal
National Church Residences (NCR) is working on its largest preservation project to date, the 300-unit Baptist Towers here.
The nonprofit organization acquired the 37-year-old property when the prior owners knew they needed to either recapitalize its only real estate holding or sell the aging building. The Baptist Towers Corp., a Georgia nonprofit, decided to sell.
Although the owners hoped to see the property preserved as affordable seniors housing, they did not want to wait while a buyer went through the lengthy process of applying for low-income housing tax credits (LIHTCs), says Jim Baugh, NCR's vice president of development.
More owners are wanting out of a deal sooner than it takes to win a LIHTC award, according to Baugh, explaining that winning 9 percent LIHTCs remains highly competitive and may take multiple applications. In addition, it is very challenging to find an investor these days, and sellers do not want to tie up their properties for long periods of time.
NCR had to come up with a new strategy to fund the $16.4 million deal instead of waiting to receive tax credits.
The group received an interim loan from SunTrust Community Development Corp. and worked with Department of Housing and Urban Development officials in Atlanta to acquire Baptist Towers, which had been built with a Sec. 236 loan. In addition, 268 of the 300 apartments have project-based Sec. 8 contracts.
NCR went ahead and acquired the property in December 2007, using the SunTrust loan. It then applied for tax credits to help pay for the project's rehab in 2008.
The project failed to win a LIHTC reservation in the competition but was near the top of the waiting list. When several of the projects receiving reservations failed to find a tax credit investor or had trouble making a deal work in the tough economy, NCR was notified by the Georgia Department of Community Affairs in May that its project would receive an $8.5 million reservation after all.
In the interim, as deals struggled across the country, Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, establishing the Tax Credit Assistance Program (TCAP) to steer additional funds to LIHTC projects. NCR applied for TCAP funds for Baptist Towers and has received preliminary approval. The group hopes to receive about $2 million and hopes to close on all financing this year and commence a $7 million renovation.
The development is about halfway through its 20-year Sec. 8 agreement, so NCR hopes to obtain a new 20-year contract at closing.
PRESERVATION BY THE NUMBERS
Ӣ The National Housing Trust (NHT) estimates that it costs about 40 PERCENT more to build a new affordable apartment than to preserve one in the same community.
Ӣ Over the next fi ve years, contracts on more than 900,000 Sec. 8 units will expire, estimates the NHT.
Ӣ Nearly 200,000 affordable apartments in properties with Department of Housing and Urban Developmentsubsidized mortgages will be at risk of conversion to non-affordable use when the mortgages mature over the next 10 years, according to the NHT.
Ӣ Number of affordable apartments preserved with 4 percent and 9 percent lowincome housing tax credits, according to the NHT.
2000: 20,000
2007: 65,000
Ӣ From 1995 to 2005, 1.5 MILLION UNITS renting for less than $600 a month in 1995 were demolished or otherwise removed from the housing inventory, according to Harvard University's Joint Center for Housing Studies.
